Description
The DES-II is a brief, self-report measure of dissociative experiences. Dissociation is often considered a psychological defense mechanism for victims of traumatizing events, and the scale is of particular use in measuring dissociation among people with PTSD, dissociative disorders, borderline personality disorder and those with a history of abuse.

In fact, dissociative symptoms are considered by some to be a transdiagnostic indictor of dysfunctional coping, with many disorders being associated with higher than average dissociation. The scale can be used during the course of treatment to track progress over time.

The DES has three sub-scales:

1. Amnesia Factor
2. Depersonalization/Derealization Factor
3. Absorption Factor

Validity
In a meta-analysis (IJzendoorn & Schuengel, 1996) showed DES has good convergent validity with other dissociative experiences questionnaires and interview schedules. The scale also showed impressive predictive validity, in particular concerning dissociative disorders, traumatic stress disorder and abuse. Another meta analysis (Lysesenko et al., 2018) found that the DES was a useful tool across many disorders. Normative data across clinical and non-clinical samples have been reported (IJzendoorn & Schuengel, 1996), with the following means and standard deviations:

– Non-clinical adult: 11.6 (SD = 10.6)
– Student/Adolescent: 14.3 (SD = 14.3)
– General psychiatric patient: 16.7 (SD = 16.4)
– History of abuse: 29.2 (SD = 21)
– Personality Disorders: 19.6 (SD = 16.2)
– PTSD: 32.0 (SD = 19.2)
– Dissociative disorders: 41.2 (SD = 22)

Some data has shown that the three subscales measured by the DES do not form distinct factors, with most factor analyses showing only one overarching factor (IJzendoorn & Schuengel, 1996). Therefore overall scores are the most reliable measure.

Interpretation
The total scores can be between 0 and 100, where high levels of dissociation are indicated by scores of 30 or more. Scores are also presented as percentile ranks compared with clinical and non-clinical samples (as reported by IJzendoorn & Schuengel, 1996). A percentile of 50 compared a general psychiatric patient indicates the typical score for those under psychiatric care, and is lower than than typical scores seen in personality disorders, PTSD and dissociative disorders.

Raw scores (sum of items) and average scores (sum items / number of items) for the three subscales are also reported.

1. Amnesia Factor.
This factor measures memory loss, i.e., not knowing how you got somewhere, being dressed in clothes you don’t remember putting on, finding new things among belongings you don’t remember buying, not recognizing friends or family members, finding evidence of having done things you don’t remember doing, finding writings, drawings or notes you must have done but don’t remember doing.
Items — 3, 4, 5, 8, 25, 26.

2. Depersonalization/Derealization Factor:
Depersonalization is characterized by the recurrent experience of feeling detached from one’s self and mental processes or a sense of unreality of the self. Items relating to this factor include feeling that you are standing next to yourself or watching yourself do something and seeing yourself as if you were looking at another person, feeling your body does not belong to you, and looking in a mirror and not recognizing yourself. Derealization is the sense of a loss of reality of the immediate environment.
Items — 7, 11, 12, 13, 27, 28.

3. Absorption Factor:
This factor includes being so preoccupied or absorbed by something that you are distracted from what is going on around you. The absorption primarily has to do with one’s traumatic experiences. Items of this factor include realizing that you did not hear part or all of what was said by another, remembering a past event so vividly that you feel as if you are reliving the event, not being sure whether things that they remember happening really did happen or whether they just dreamed them, when you are watching television or a movie you become so absorbed in the story you are unaware of other events happening around you, becoming so involved in a fantasy or daydream that it feels as though it were really happening to you, and sometimes sitting, staring off into space, thinking of nothing, and being unaware of the passage of time.
Items — 2, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20.

Developer
Carlson, E.B. & Putnam, F.W. (1993). An update on the Dissociative Experience Scale. Dissociation 6(1), p. 16-27.