ASSESSMENTS
Description
The ARM-5 is the 5-item version of the Agnew Relationship Measure (ARM; Agnew, Davies, Stiles, Hardy, Barkham, & Shapiro, 1998), and is a self-report measure designed to assess the client-therapist alliance. It is designed to be used close to the end of a therapy session at regular intervals (either every session, 2nd session or every 3rd session). Given that therapeutic alliance is among the best predictors of treatment success, this tool can help clinicians identify risk of dropout as well as track any ruptures/repairs in the alliance. The ARM-5 has been shown to be equivalent to other scales such as the Session Rating Scale (SRS) in terms of predicting client outcomes (Bouchard, 2018).
The ARM-5 assesses three dimensions of the alliance known to be important for treatment efficacy
1.Bond
2.Partnership
3.Confidence in therapy
Description
The AUDIT is a 10 question self-report screening questionnaire designed to measure harmful alcohol use. It is widely used and useful for routine screening in community health settings and was developed in conjunction with the World Health Organization. It is sensitive to three factors of problematic alcohol use:
– Hazardous heath impacts
– Dependence symptoms
– Behavioral or social problems of use
Description
The ASSQ is a 27 question test filled in by parents or teachers of children or adolescents (6 to 17 years of age). It is designed to be an initial screen for Autism spectrum disorders and especially Aspergers syndrome in those with normal IQ or mild retardation. Each question has three possible answers; No, Somewhat, and Yes, and each question has a score from 0 to 2.
Description
The Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) is a 50 item self-report measure used to assess traits of autism in adults and adolescents aged 16 years and over. The measure is suitable for men and women who have normal intellectual functioning. The AQ measures five symptom clusters important in understand the profile of strengths and weaknesses for individuals with Autism:
– social skill
– attention switching
– attention to detail
– communication
– imagination.
The AQ is intended to be used to screen for autism spectrum and may make up a component of a thorough diagnostic assessment. A score above the proposed cutoff of 29 highlights significant traits of autism.
Description
The Appearance Anxiety Inventory is a 10 question self-report scale that measures the cognitive and behavioral aspects of body image anxiety in general, and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) in particular. This scale is useful as part of a diagnostic procedure for BDD as well as symptom monitoring during treatment.
Description
The Brief-COPE is a 28 item self-report questionnaire designed to measure effective and ineffective ways to cope with a stressful life event. “Coping” is defined broadly as an effort used to minimize distress associated with negative life experiences.
The scale is often used in health-care settings to ascertain how patients are responding to a serious diagnosis. It can be been used to measure how someone is coping with a wide range of adversity, including a cancer diagnosis, heart failure, injuries, assaults, natural disasters and financial stress.
The scale can determine someone’s primary coping styles as either Approach Coping, or Avoidant Coping. In addition, The following subscales are reported: Self-distraction, Active coping, Denial, Substance use, Use of emotional support, Use of instrumental support, Behavioral disengagement, Venting, Positive reframing, Planning, Humor, Acceptance, Religion, & Self-blame.
Description
The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC) is a 20 item self-report questionnaire for young people between the ages of 6 and 17. It asks young people to rate how many depressive symptoms they have experienced in the last week. This measure is useful for tracking depressive symptoms over time.
Description
The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-R) is a 20 item self-report questionnaire used to measure symptoms of depression, and is particularly useful for tracking symptoms over time. It taps into nine different symptom groups of Major Depressive Disorder as defined by the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fifth edition.
Description
The Children’s Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT) is a 26 item questionnaire used to assess eating attitudes and disordered eating behaviours in children. It is a modified version of the Eating Attitudes Test (Garner & Garfinkle, 1979). It is administered by orally reading items to the child and is intended to be administered to children aged 8 – 15.
The ChEAT can be utilised to screen for children at risk of developing an eating disorder and can be used as part of a more comprehensive diagnostic assessment.
Description
The ChOCI-R is a 32-item, two-part measure assessing the content and severity of compulsions and obsessions in children and adolescents aged 7-17 years. The ChOCI-R is of similar format to the Child Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS), as compulsions and obsessions are addressed separately, but is self-report rather than clinician rated. Part One of the measure looks at symptoms of compulsions and impairment associated with compulsions, and Part Two addresses obsessional symptoms and impairment associated with obsessional symptoms.
Description
The Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Symptom Scale asks about symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder in young people (4 to 18). It can be used as a clinician rated checklist or completed by the child/adolescent themselves, or with the help of their parent(s).
Description
This survey asked the client about thier level of satisfaction with the service they have received, both from their practitioner their experience in general.
Description
The CORE Outcome Measure (CORE-OM) was conceived as a self-report measure of psychological distress designed to be administered before and after therapy. The client is asked to respond to 34 questions about how they have been feeling over the last week, using a 5-point scale ranging from ‘not at all’ to ‘most or all of the time’. The 34 items of the measure cover four dimensions:
– Subjective well-being
– Problems/symptoms
– Life functioning
– Risk/harm
The questionnaire is repeated after the last session of treatment; comparison of the pre-and post-therapy scores offers a measure of ‘outcome’ (i.e. whether or not the client’s level of distress has changed, and by how much).
Description
The CORE-10 is a short 10 item easy-to-use assessment measure for common presentations of psychological distress, designed to be used for screening as well as over the course of treatment to track progress. The measure is a shortened version of the 34 items CORE-OM, both of which ask respondents to self-report symptoms over the past week.
Description
This assessment has the following three questionnaires combined.
– Erectile dysfunction Inventory of treatment (EDITS) Questionnaire – 11 questions (questions 1-11)
– International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) Questionnaire – 15 questions (questions 11-26)
Self Esteem and Relationship Quality Survey (SEAR) – 14 questions (questions 27 40)
Description
The DASS-42 is a 42 item self-report scale designed to measure the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. The principal value of the DASS in a clinical setting is to clarify the locus of emotional disturbance, as part of the broader task of clinical assessment. The essential function of the DASS is to assess the severity of the core symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress.
Description
The DASS-21 is the short form of the DASS-42, a self-report scale designed to measure the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. As the three scales of the DASS have been shown to have high internal consistency and to yield meaningful discriminations, the scales should meet the needs of both researchers and clinicians who wish to measure current state or change in state over time (e.g., in the course of treatment). This scale is suitable for clinical and non-clinical settings.
Description
The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a instrument measuring emotion regulation problems. The 36 items ask the respondent to rate themselves on how they relate to their emotions. This tool can be especially useful in helping patients identify areas for growth in how they respond to their emotions, especially those with Borderline Personality Disorder, Generalised Anxiety Disorder or Substance Use Disorder.
This scale measures an integrative conceptualization of emotion regulation as involving not just the modulation of emotional arousal, but also the awareness, understanding, and acceptance of emotions, and the ability to act in desired ways regardless of emotional state.
Given that successful emotion regulation is a key aspect of personal well being, difficulties in emotion regulation are theorised to be a transdiagnostic risk for the onset and maintenance of psychopathological disorders.
The scale has the following subscales:
1. Nonacceptance of emotional responses
2. Difficulty engaging in Goal-directed behaviour
3. Impulse control difficulties
4. Lack of emotional awareness
5. Limited access to emotion regulation strategies
6. Lack of emotional clarity
Description
The DES-II is a brief, self-report measure of dissociative experiences. Dissociation is often considered a psychological defense mechanism for victims of traumatizing events, and the scale is of particular use in measuring dissociation among people with PTSD, dissociative disorders, borderline personality disorder and those with a history of abuse.
In fact, dissociative symptoms are considered by some to be a transdiagnostic indictor of dysfunctional coping, with many disorders being associated with higher than average dissociation. The scale can be used during the course of treatment to track progress over time.
The DES has three sub-scales:
1. Amnesia Factor
2. Depersonalization/Derealization Factor
3. Absorption Factor
Description
The Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) was developed as a parallel instrument to the AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) for identification of individuals with drug-related problems. It is an 11 item self report instrument that asks about patterns of drugrelated problems.
Description
The EAT-26 is used to identify the presence of “eating disorder risk” based on attitudes, feelings and behaviours related to eating. There are 26 items assessing general eating behaviour and five additional questions assessing risky behaviours. The measure can be used with adolescents and adults and with special risk samples such as athletes.
Description
The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is a short 10-item self-report questionnaire designed to identify mothers at risk for prenatal and postnatal depression. Postpartum depression is the most common complication of childbearing and rates of help-seeking for postnatal depression are generally low, making screening important. The scale indicates how the mother has felt during the previous week. In doubtful cases, it may be useful to repeat the tool after 2 weeks. The scale will not detect mothers with anxiety neuroses, phobias or personality disorders.
Description
The Close Relationship Scale is a 12 item self-report adult attachment style questionnaire. Based on Ainsworth’s infant attachment styles literature, this scale measures maladaptive attachment in adulthoods who are in a romantic relationship. The ECR-S gives scores on the two factors important in adult attachment; anxiety and avoidance.
Description
The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), a 19-item questionnaire, has been developed as a brief, multidimensional self-report instrument for assessing the key dimensions of sexual function in women.
Description
The Flourishing Scale is a brief 8-item summary measure of the respondent’s self-perceived success in important areas such as relationships, self-esteem, purpose, and optimism. The scale provides a single psychological well-being score and can be used to provide useful feedback for how to improve one’s life and provides useful stimulus for self-reflection. The Flourishing Scale is best used with individuals without clinic disorders, but rather with individuals seeking to enhance an already relatively adaptive lifestyle.
Description
This inventory consists of 35 questions measuring four sub-scales of perfectionism:
- Concern over mistakes and doubts about actions
- Excessive concern with parents’ expectations and evaluation
- Excessively high personal standards
- Concern with “precision, order and organization”
Description
The GAD-7 is a brief measure of symptoms of anxiety, based on the generalised anxiety disorder diagnostic criteria described in DSM-IV. This assessment asks patients to evaluate their level of symptoms over the last two weeks, and can be used to track treatment progress over time.
Description
The IPIP-Big5 is a 50 item self-report personality test designed to measure the Big Five personality traits, as expressed in Costa and McCrae’s (1992) revised NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI-R). This assessment is appropriate for people between the age of 16 and 81, with age and gender specific norms provided. The clinicians should therefore make sure the client date of birth details are entered in NovoPsych accurately.
Description
The MDAS is a 10 item scale used to assess for the presence and severity of delirium. Items are rated on a four-point scale from 0 (none) to 3 (severe) depending on the level of impairment, yielding a maximum score of 30. A score of 13 or more is strongly suggestive of a diagnosis of delirium.
Description
The MCQ-30 is a short version of the original MCQ and assesses individual differences in five factors important in the metacognitive model of psychological disorders. In particular, unhelpful metacognitions may contribute to obsessive and compulsive symptoms, pathological worry and underpin trait anxiety. The five subscales of the MCQ-30 are:
Description
The Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (Short Version) – Parent Report is a 13-item measure assessing recent depressive symptomatology in children aged 6-17 years. The MFQ-P is parent-rated and asks the parent to report how their child has been feeling or acting in the past few weeks.
Description
The Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (Short Version) – Self Report is a 13-item measure assessing recent depressive symptomatology in children aged 6-17 years. The MFQ-Self is self-report and asks the child to report how they have been feeling or acting in the past two weeks.
Description
The ChOCI-R-P is a 32-item, two-part measure assessing the content and severity of compulsions and obsessions in children and adolescents aged 7-17 years. It is completed by a parent rather than being self-report. Part One of the measure looks at the child’s symptoms of compulsions and impairment associated with compulsions, and Part Two addresses the child’s obsessional symptoms and impairment associated with obsessional symptoms.
Description
The Opioid Risk Tool (ORT) is a brief, self-report or clinician rated screening tool designed for use with adult patients in primary care settings to assess risk for opioid abuse among individuals prescribed opioids for treatment of chronic pain. Patients categorized as high-risk are at increased likelihood of future abusive drug-related behaviours. This tool is best administered to patients upon an initial visit prior to beginning opioid therapy.
Description
The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) is a 10-item questionnaire, developed to assess the confidence people with ongoing pain have in performing activities while in pain. The PSEQ is applicable to all persisting pain presentation. It covers a range of functions, including household chores, socialising, work, as well as coping with pain without medication. It takes two minutes to complete.
Description
The PDSS is a self report scale that provides operationalized ratings of DSM-IV panic disorder symptoms. The PDSS consists of seven items, each rated on a 5-point scale. The items are carefully anchored and assess panic frequency, distress during panic, panic- focused anticipatory anxiety, phobic avoidance of situations, phobic avoidance of physical sensations, impairment in work functioning, and impairment in social functioning.
Description
The PHQ-9 is the nine item depression subscale of the Patient Health Questionnaire, and is a widely used tool for assisting primary care clinicians in diagnosing depression as well as monitoring treatment. The PHQ-9 is based directly on the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Fourth Edition (DSM-IV).
Description
The PSWQ is a 16-item self-report scale designed to measure the trait of worry. The PSWQ has been found to distinguish patients with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) from other anxiety disorders. This questionnaire can be used in clinical and non-clinical settings.
Description
The Perfectionistic Cognitions Inventory (PCI) is a 25-item self-report inventory that measures automatic thoughts related to perfectionism. Items on the PCI reflect direct thoughts related to perfectionism and the individual’s awareness of their perfectionism. Compared to other measures of perfectionism the PCI measures state perfectionism by exploring the frequency of thoughts over the last week. It is appropriate for people 15 years and over.
Research has found that high levels of perfectionism cognitions are associated with higher levels of psychological distress (Flett et al., 1998; Flett et al., 2007)
Description
The Phobic Stimuli Response Scale (PSRS) is a 46-item self-report scale measuring five subtypes of common phobic fears:
-blood-injection (trypanophobia)
-bodily harm (traumatophobia)
-social (social phobia)
-animal (zoophobia)
-confinement (claustrophobia)
The PSRS assesses the “cognitive and emotional components of the fear response” (Cutshall & Watson, 2004). It is useful for tracking symptoms of one of more of the above phobias over time.
Description
The PCL-5 is a 20 item self-report measure of the 20 DSM-5 symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Included in the scale are four domains consistent with the four criterion of PTSD in DSM-5:
– Re-experiencing (criterion B)
– Avoidance (criterion C)
– Negative alterations in cognition and mood (criterion D)
– Hyper-arousal (criterion E)
Description
The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale – Parent Version (RCADS-Parent) is a 47 item parent-reported questionnaire that measures symptoms of depression and anxiety in children and adolescents aged 8 – 18. It consists of six subscales including separation anxiety disorder (SAD), social phobia (SP), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). The RCADS-P can be used to screen for and monitor symptoms of depression and anxiety.
The parallel version of the RCADS is the youth self-report version (RCADS-Child) which can be used in conjunction with the RCADS-Parent.
Description
The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS-Child) is a 47 item self report questionnaire that measures symptoms of depression and anxiety in children and adolescents aged 8 – 18. It consists of six subscales including separation anxiety disorder (SAD), social phobia (SP), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). The RCADSChild can be used to screen for and monitor symptoms of depression and anxiety.
A parallel version of the RCADS-Child, The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale Parent version (RCADS-Parent) assesses the young person’s symptoms of depression and anxiety from the parent perspective and can be utilised in conjunction with the RCADS-Child.
Description
The RSES measures self-esteem using ten items answered on a four-point Likert-type scale – from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The RSES is one of the most widely used measures of self-esteem (Sinclair et al., 2010). Self-esteem is not a unitary construct and has been divided equally to measure two 5-item facets; self-competence and self-liking.
Description
The SWLS is a short 5-item instrument designed to measure global cognitive judgments of satisfaction with one’s life. The scale usually requires only about one minute of a respondent’s time, where respondents answer on a Likert scale. It’s questions are open to interpretation, making this scale suitable for adults with a range of background.
Description
The Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE) is a brief 12-item scale, with six items devoted to positive experiences and six items designed to assess negative experiences. In addition, the scale can measure feelings such as physical pleasure, engagement, interest, pain, and boredom. The scale can serve as useful feedback for clients who undergo an intervention to increase their positive feelings.
Description
The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) is a parent reported scale used to screen for anxiety disorders in children (aged 8-18 years), including generalised anxiety, separation anxiety disorder, panic disorder and social phobia (Birmaher et al., 1997). The parent is asked questions about their child, with the questions corresponding closely to the child version of the SCARED. The SCARED Parent consists of 41 items and has five factors that correspond with anxiety disorders outlined in the DMS-IV:
1) Somatic/panic
2) General anxiety
3) Separation anxiety
4) Social phobia
5) School phobia
The scale is designed to be used by clinicians as a screener for anxiety disorders in children, and can be used to track outcomes during the course of treatment.
It is recommended that both the parent and child version of the SCARED are administered due to the moderate correlation between the two versions.
Description
The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) is a parent and child self-report scale used to screen for anxiety disorders in children (aged 8-18 years), including generalised anxiety, separation anxiety disorder, panic disorder and social phobia (Birmaher et al., 1997). The child version asks the child questions about themselves. The SCARED consists of 41 items and has five factors that correspond with anxiety disorders outlined in the DMS-IV:
1) Somatic/panic
2) General anxiety
3) Separation anxiety
4) Social phobia
5) School phobia
The scale is designed to be used by clinicians as an screener for anxiety disorders in children, and can be used to track symptoms over time.
If a child is aged between 8-11 years it is recommended that the clinician explain all questions, or have the child answer the questionnaire sitting with an adult in case they have any questions.
It is recommended that both the parent and child version of the SCARED are administered due to the moderate correlation between the two versions.
Description
This is a 28 item true/false scale that measures distress in social situations and the avoidance of social interactions. It also measures aspects of social anxiety including distress, discomfort and fear. Social avoidance was defined as “being with, talking to, or escaping from others for any reason . . . both actual avoidance and the desire for avoidance were included” (Watson & Friend, 1969, p. 449).
Description
The SIAS is a 20 item self report scale designed to measure social interaction anxiety defined as “distress when meeting and talking with other people” (Mattick and Clarke, 1998, p. 457). This tool is helpful in tracking social anxiety symptoms over time, and may be helpful as part of an assessment for social phobia or other anxiety related disorders.
Description
The Social Phobia Scale is a 20-item self-report measure of fear of being scrutinized or observed during routine activities such as eating, drinking and writing. A typical question in this scale is “I get nervous that people are staring at me as I walk down the street“. This measure is useful in tracking symptoms of social phobia and self consciousness over time
Description
The SCAS Child Version is a 45-item self-report scale used to assess severity of anxiety symptoms in children aged 8-15 years. This measure assesses six domains of anxiety which constitute six subscales: separation anxiety, social phobia, obsessive compulsive problems, panic/agoraphobia, generalised anxiety/overanxious symptoms and fears of physical injury. The SCAS Child Version is not designed to be used as a diagnostic tool in isolation, but it can be used in clinical and non-clinical settings to evaluate the impact of anxiety interventions over time.
Description
The scale is completed by a parent of an anxious child between the ages of 6 to 18. It provides an overall measure of anxiety together with scores on six sub-scales each tapping a specific aspect of child anxiety.
Description
The State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS) is a 21 item self report state measure of emotion regulation difficulties. The scale consists of four subscales; Nonacceptance, modulate, awareness and clarity.
Items on the S-DERS have been adapted from the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004), which measures typical emotion regulation problems for an individual. The S-DERS differs in that it measures state based emotion regulation difficulties, whereas the original DERS measures trait emotional regulation. The S-DERS considers short-term factors such as interpersonal experiences, situational factors, cognitive processes, and even other emotional processes that may influence emotion dysregulation.
Description
The TSK is a 17-item self report checklist using a 4-point Likert scale that was developed as a measure of fear of movement or (re)injury. Kinesiophobia is defined by the developers as “an irrational, and debilitating fear of physical movement and activity resulting from a feeling of vulnerability to painful injury or re-injury” (Kori et al., 1990). The scale is based on the model of fear avoidance, fear of work related activities, fear of movement and fear of re-injury (Vlaeyan et al., 1995).
Description
The IES-R was designed as a measure of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and is a short, easily administered self-report questionnaire. It can be used for repeated measurements over time to monitor progress. It is best used for recent and specific traumatic events. It has 22 questions, 5 of which were added to the original Horowitz (IES) to better capture the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD (Weiss & Marmar, 1997).
Description
The K10 is a psychological screening tool designed to identify adults with significant levels of psychological distress so that they may be appropriately managed. It has been widely used in the United States as well as in Australia, where it has been included in the Australian Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (1997) and the Australian National Health Surveys.
Description
The TAFS-R is a 19-item self-report measure of the tendency known as “thoughts-actions fusion”(TAF) which is important to OCD. The distorted thought at the heart of thought-action fusion is the irrational assumption that just because a “bad” thought presents itself to your mind, then it is undeniably followed or accompanied by a specific “bad” action. In other words, thinking something makes it so. This measure is useful in tracking the cognitive components of OCD over time.
Description
The UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (Cyders et al. 2007) is a 59 item self report scale which is a revised version of the original UPPS created by Whiteside and Lynam (2001). The scale can be used with adults or adolescents to identify the separate personality facets that have been previously lumped together under the term impulsivity. The UPPS-P has five subscales:
Description
The Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale is used to help in the diagnostic process of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children between the ages of 6 and 12. It has a total of 55 questions, includes all 18 of the DSM-IV criteria for ADHD and should be completed by a parent of the child. As well as identifying inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive, or combined subtypes of ADHD, it can also be used to identify symptoms of frequent comorbidities, including oppositional defiance, conduct disorder, anxiety and depression.
Description
The VOCI was designed to provide a self-report assessment of a range of obsessions, compulsions, avoidance behaviour, and personality characteristics of known or theoretical importance in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It has 55 questions rated on a five point Likert-type scale. It is useful in tracking the underlying cognitive structure of OCD and assessing symptoms over time. This scale is a more up to date revision of the Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory-Revised (MOCI-R).
Description
The WHOQOL-BREF was developed by the Word Health Organisation as a quality of life assessment that would be applicable cross-culturally. It is a 26 item self report measure, especially useful for measuring outcomes with adults with a psychosocial disability.
The scale is designed to measure the impact of disease and impairment on daily activities and behaviour, perceived health, disability and functional capacity.
The WHOQOL-BREF measures four factors:
1.Physical health
2.Psychological Health
3.Social relationships
4.Environment
Description
The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) is a 10-item scale designed to measure the severity and type of symptoms in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) over the past seven days. The symptoms assessed are obsessions and compulsions. This scale is useful in tracking OCD symptoms at intake and during/after treatment.
Description
The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Symptom Checklist is a clinician rated checklist designed to guide a structured interview to determine the target symptoms for treatment. There are 55 questions asking about both obsessions and compulsions.
Description
The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale is a short self-administered survey to quantify the depressed status of adult patients. There are 20 items on the scale that rate the four common characteristics of depression, divided into 4 subscales: core depressive factor; cognitive factor; an anxiety factor; and a somatic factor. This scale is suitable for inpatient use and also the elderly.
